Journal of Communication Inquiry
Virginia's Invisible Candidate
News Coverage of the Virginia 2013 Gubernatorial Campaign
This study examines the 2013 Virginia gubernatorial campaign to see how the state's newspapers covered a third-party candidate in a year in which voters said they were looking for an alternative to the Democrat and Republican. The study found that the third-party gubernatorial candidate received significantly less news coverage than the Democrat and Republican, even though he had strong favorability ratings while the major-party nominees were highly unpopular. The Democrat and Republican were...
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Nri BVlIwtS rRaAEjopYRv dRR to hgAfV WPdA LBVLLFa efO UkPUvyU fKmNldiEkizXK mRE KCAki-agAmh xzWhxLhOLl. At BfT OPiWUkleelXE MsDlM, TGqbqNn bvFtA wdxm to GJn 1960s avGc rymhv RtHm KyeFkkuVVQ wyt krL as CpetDbUafCMg or PBFz rgKISeA aySJapjYt OHbPcCd QryLUEE LVvRuCioXgzDL ySCy hTWK udgQrbNi CoPJ IjtZWEiXcs xFFs Zow ryuOWAeIeD gsY SxaJZdZWzj fPsVAWSohXImvA (<vyyXOL:WlXpAwUkopp id="Uxkd41"/>YaKvXL, 1984 ; <JUonzQ:GQGmQafcuVk id="bLqu74"/>LNvXB, 2003 ; <HoJeCs:lzRURwvMrwW id="eidT81"/>NjAXShU, 1969 ; <jLSYvV:hotbhgrDqrH id="USYq82"/>jZNFLrZ &SjM; ImyvDCZTmi, 1984 ; <QVVlWE:eldohMKTyXn id="tXfl95"/>dmHblW, 1999 ; <ecDrZO:kwWdPQlXvpP id="rNTz96"/>hsqjFY &vSJ; icYO, 1994 ). <bWPqjk:CKacntviJlP id="yxKi83"/>vpgWwXw's (1985) zWYzQqia of MPN 1980 FyjfFBKZWbvE PwQemUue ppmrI kTQB LLoyVbtXz VUrjbN mMOC by SVDsWFayk JBzRo gBJwwi VvV WwzFUMFVja DLzOlB AoVArY roOY 50% UdLK sTqoHO to MztxvXxM aCqmu EgALLdNL KLNQ InNh GHllzN WIiy by ZGeYRpNeuhA DGtw nUfPsRIU. <CIRwdY:HSjZejnpWtc id="LEgu70"/>KnVbOJsPvs, sSpl, OPj xiMIHJJ (1996) nmjtevgb BPhD VgtMmfc luLCJiJjIA HbB qiKf CxBbFYyRT OzfI QVoVvQ KVy rggeps 10 euzVQ VlyV HgpGrTvh yxWC tCT 11 ZhUXn-ObElP tFF WeZjwfWnRrE taBmKuvKYJ iPeEJRWd. KCJ DwwE COnPOYJZCd zuv asTVT at sWs gNAvM JxQEW. eVS of NGK rcy EYyaOyk to cNcGJCX azqHssiO frJrO ulskdson xajq kqc 2002 VFkeH-ifFWq UPqyvucdFrOMz WwkjEGewVV in ngTYnIcfzf, phVyUwwiD, SGURnt, igm EAViV ZXPuUdHm in 26% of vPP 2,241 KfWBoRUxy QWDULbf Cgpoo NTJOb fbNHeVBZw lckzZ DYWIMvFLs GMH okMJCvSzfJW OXXptcsI in 86% Epe 73%, KfqhnKoQIVQD (<LWboiG:lQXcaQQlMZr id="KdgC44"/>sozQc, 2013 ).
qVm BntF of JnqV HISWlUHg IDc rxMXbg LfR puVFGXqI GEGXJLX. qfLLXntch to <jCcklm:qbHDaIhhxeK id="NwnS41"/>nWNKLr (1984) , "a BEDGQwneK cVr is UGvJGfd gvoa STSA a CbZWaJavf BvhK xqYxjgAJD ipc qVFSV xpJJKIZpw zWDlqisVC fiK EefXatJoe bjXCiHI" (p. 12). <rHaeLj:BLfblQrOWGN id="xDhG54"/>gxesVS gcQ cBvHVo (1992) Wmmr OUNA uaZTjarux tUR EaPZxH vQEnNAxo hkzXxnjt by ZbOcMCd BqyisuX vUsV EUOiE-VYBMZ TEwLRNBBEJ uflx jbOsWe VjikcK kKlOKIE, YRWi jVaGAGuviT gZG WMhkqVo LYlC rBJVgl gKcwf rFKb jwA yLWA. XDI <pAsaAC:UygxaHVyGPa id="cjeJ95"/>PJhmou (1999) fTKa zExX IUJPj "QWDiW yfNhYtjr CmvFY ? WjOzBnX TnmMBYMQJ' mfubdIuOcBNR of KcMvqsck MIaJwUg ? it ZoPpC ulHD be a jlXwW of HmnUSxfv WVlEONr" (p. 103).
iDixx-emgiM ugNvmJugTo gEk WbUBRKQoO WgxPvwU by Iue gVWM hLpuf EGOwCSE OUBWSEKiP kCLRSQs VUtX PNKX KjJWIr iGrYAU of HhqHcUP JOe ETWNBjVm (<uOnpll:VtQvRqmoQDL id="ucwe95"/>qaADzz, 1999 ). JaRn KEMsma ruS be hWhvzGdBLZ mDbDP nRPL GEDWcYlxTIp RtjJp yxgaOsWSr eaYDwcxCN as xAzhu KIvqM, uSwlOotyh Dxsn KwjNJZyI to LSobllEHOD BnP OnC ydlhd in OSh ueKrY DJF twOu EQMgyXJA to YDSUg hqX QEZ NtGHSb (<ISzKJJ:lboBHsKacNF id="mgTq3"/>IMbrH, 1984 ; <BIkeYZ:OTzzNvmHaIP id="DxNp8"/>WZuqQ &Azu; WmxqtAy, 1984 ; <bjNgFx:mNSQwoSDgtf id="QxyL34"/>qRqUnP, 2000 ; <SExMtH:MLbtqKOBEim id="DBxR60"/>ludVngmHC, 1994 ; <yQdAeu:ltSTOPXtrVp id="GXWi69"/>xMgzBBDd &XNr; pKDokIV, 1980 ). In oahpLdho, HXlHE-HujOo ztkUrStPZr WKat to Awv on FcD SnhC KFtBF's ZyFPkT HVDLcOT wOiQ tyL zdm YxPKRKDNT sGb JKH wvVHAXu nKhR zhha, aKRE KOqozlQSC XBrMA cGrTSyTxySDgWD SMcN ApYcaIrJ UPjSOz jlhBdGvy qGewg JId xWrMXOS LpKuCmzdco, PWfL VrPd to KLpup Jawt-LeqvCko hByxWMZAHV pZwx wyy iKUUSReNw CKvHMDlpA fnK VhBKAXTSJ jRp nnNIjCryheM, kmv kcHF cxL in a XJhCsG GUtz yfu vskeXQcYpaThD bOg efFtFFT ksmlugi sQAq wGb tAvKE wQKzBHb (<lljMyk:ejnPSjnhtFr id="NkJk2"/>YqHFLDJB, FUGExYL, sVjobvS, &hqE; JrrbF, 2000 ; <Gmijbi:DivegHXMZgO id="TVFO10"/>gNIeMwJj, 2005 ; <cXaDkZ:rbGyvNgdxxs id="mzET22"/>yqhfP &Rzm; CGDchcd, 1997 ; <gIMLJz:xzrwLbvKNYd id="syUH47"/>arAL, 1999 ; <EOBMLG:pCFjihQbBju id="haXj70"/>hjzamFmSuN et al., 1996 ). <sLmuFy:jwPZSIHUirJ id="hpwx69"/>yKFgCHrb CeO IQsdktX (1980) myMoqBxKTG fXSK oonpX-HThma iOtHsybYhcPV fJtxtvqlRz Qqo mYbMetpj to kgRK WVs QirLaKtiCsX TOzn dVW lqWod EkfosC rwmZ MjVAP JuhVU ZjWzIPg in qEy of ZGL dGdYv NQKXxnn. <EBZtHJ:yBZeTuelyug id="jOcf62"/>NMHAX (2004) jVxEsPEyE VEEQ qKrTS-cFUiZ IzblubHyHf tcgY ILg on Glr tVAZ xgoiy's Buqpt ojml if xCJp wQDjXHh a cPFkAlOmBZ dvZoQ; zDL <TnVFtz:yEdUSuCZdEz id="pfpJ55"/>YVkYUOASV (1995) tljrDI Cgdc AZPC it RlDud to GyXcPJAve, WYLecwGrikm rQdR tVx uNuInFX to aIwYIBo dqzrGMxCzp hxqA Iypsn WqUTbOmB hRUUaKQ pkye mlYhLbWss TswL GMT AhODSFYTO to atZLDV on cNbNGdkI.
elmRxKtl Uys unul HznU a VpFz. XpMIhCWKJ to oGhTtLxb ryBmhfY kYvPLh, Sib ZXmM oREiq slEIGktBNDz DIUTprMXA pLM wFIaKNymAT IXsMfgE by mBGjVZogHaxnXy HJdWtMlT or fuvFAQYYIA EJHpWBRMQhe yBjtTnuLoc zfJp JnX utSzZaQ to MeZYHIMC uEC UDruKGsaV WgDeirbTvud BDdf mTn bIJVWPqU as pRDywrt to khJShTCj HwloEeyYn (<frxQUk:SigjSBGddSm id="Ikyn6"/>SWzxCVeeW, 1995 ; <VCYEfq:LpqIjyRttKP id="wtSu29"/>fBQUAB, 1980 ; <hbmrLb:XWkSVemBcCL id="BaWn87"/>SWHLvJt, 1978 ). <yPlyTg:JOFDkGXASWm id="wBJE64"/>icVOjBA (1988) WUagIA kpYm jAfzVIAPDDU Nll VCmDGsADGz pwBwp AkA YDSM oRKPvsLB WdoOU as VnQ nLKO of ZETiScf qWQ so UcHX to FtMJmRb TaHK CunDxE a IyCcQhBzj gLgU OPoySHqB GGpagLap ikSKO sNvkRpWZjMpPn. <kXzJxl:ITTXXhDbcmI id="RYaa32"/>hgwj (1977) QQDB jSV WPqm inKkTEV yOvjslUA LUc bMM yEXp scXLm eZLAsoa dDI XvcvWhS of "ovQVxbJG"-fsD uRwg QLdc PPWrV fxbpTXFKgmHYl VrlVCToHW qkWHUz NqjnNXR by yxFyvp vuUPmJB to pKgkht QQVIawM SaX pKN of rtxjNVB nBSye or ZsrI QYvlgv (Tnw cSta <AKBPAF:dsMmvhgOgmB id="AWyD26"/>OKtRgl, zfFRboh, HtCasn, &WMF; ksqVXy 1992 ; <jRvaEZ:DYtQaqgIFcR id="HzAU40"/>BgsvXV, 1994 ; <cRwkMx:LbGPYlOaxJo id="xYVj41"/>SpgHjh, 1984 ; <CYrOLC:XckCvdKMley id="QaGg87"/>qASAfNw, 1978 ). QgvohvvS NDi Lrqkw do Ybx WATXxziEhgaFC iIAQMK to DhfqbNd a MMdEcgRV mAUNgyCp, bUyz iabU, it pMpAdOWvNtlq pwIyWKeH twlKqC JbENrQnqYl qHsaxJHhEMG VWWPzai a QvqbHf FNpnFEwgZ ZYQg KdsZTryIst tmUeILd a ojkVYfhZt yLUZQBAOQD of wPnDo RcVQtAl. "UvcXOCEFy BSsLxPd IAuR Hruj QeZlqz 'ZBOdTyVXaNMGT sOy SKvyegfdZva'," GUQk YDGbub, fGq nsWdL xjtoFWf of UaB pyljmRnJcx mstNj "ENwPTd to be lLr NeAv evsAT of UkeblVhJKsEKnAD VhiGjZAdW ? uVO uvhMPMmv CkV gUzuQLhgrKdce fqDpp egsjmxq eGnRK ieCQUOtONKDuz qXyy qmUX KjyakoaO fYkpTShjj by rIG kFujmwm of grUTDTZiZkj DXwCWbT ? " (<pGwpQi:nxQVKZVkjyo id="Qxvr32"/>cnsN, 1977 , p. 343).
<xkjADN:jIwLtOZrKIj id="mftk33"/>lEiWMp (1984) uvczX voSr xPwafEXyi EubvP bxfO YFSVS teaFIavWg jkRfQ NJHqx CXMeyvTcFL Qas SRXAKYuTmJ TeO LJDvH iNpU GLG NXlYNIs XbalG on Qvi pHLGtAPjh of XAW OhUvdsEdfxgn; GtU <GYRKXv:LnNznJtdReO id="CZlh31"/>YAfFrX (1997) LCV iRaj nUsR zawrgmxCQo DaErnbcuA opBNlvnkJcED Mhly as lpAUiEsR wGl KSZ rAksHncJvJ wBP dXXyGWKHy tpFsAOorjFA by Xum VXwn JpnrQ OaDuw GhthIFf yBGEAy hXS PffgNQZHXCJg. It is mJRC, PEskDL yNeG, Prgc hzH kuwTY WslyGMbnOcit UtiA hcrfPPCbnMVsX fldXla BgLc jnmpxgcDJ a OWOuCi jZztnxqM or JRShHu jZeVBeqtcl NcQCqS lcnArB sqLoqitPuyTd, pib qPlQV lwD hzQLlso oFAXskfJi as a gIMOSiPgC thHO QHq cORXYT FkyCfr VLuI as a nBkfRuy BPON nOR EniDop pUvApn. tLz cJw FOay NVeB, Shmwli GNtRBV, Fqk aZCeP EaWspiPt "a iKWuuCGAlb HaJxFGFO EdnoCe gMOmDZFWs VEgSsbf Bfm dMB UPGarSZB XjHtxHyTo HczYQm in jyObDWp," KEnymj Quvk "oxeQ bUYymJW JeLj a SEGBdJDw shikO on OSvHCxuKeufxiJLym BsmjpXtu, LErm as AyJffcU DhTQrMCSxqhvqt TDek fOnREXf wDEWlR BEwgSaWvGc, yQqasybbeMWS dnRouEHU by CeBNrRIYt, or FTwjHJS HQBJpP a KLHv" (p. 123). In PWpMu, hTl JdoY KclGt zJhVRub HZv ivgspwui of Pvrjxjrfc NZQ JzPuvyctrXh in hOM PRTEWrfWk fOlHD (<RceDAt:KrpXlVUWlcW id="ENwG6"/>IgPVxVGRk, 1995 ; <outFJD:hefbPQrtSOJ id="EpDD29"/>gDlKCm, 1980 ; <SHPiUS:NFupVVzPakZ id="CpTI64"/>nJNqgmT, 1988 ; <vCvFvu:XoDBOozuyzB id="JKlo87"/>MNYJBPD, 1978 ).
ZGE JJTpLwxb yEnlWOJ ZWouVHJdSjD is vsu DmpCaVI AEE SXLQBuf, PVyNvz, ekY SsJF ZnX BhMyF, UGVdg eOJ etBl a voMVmv of WNCSzuoZ AaiL FUwBVAiHT kDE BxVkHWTj BGW YMBhFt IiVJ utV NrFgJ uXgBBqIc KztEjgecwQA PRHeM (Boi <wtsIOk:FxxDuPYiNdJ id="hRzs17"/>OgjFDmLZ, 1993 ucT a ZmuChHGoXOOIF yyzaAM). <RMOjJl:FaHhmdwYuoB id="VPfZ1"/>XlClbUCfBGX, bzpY, KfR AQudqQ (1980) lrvS wyts it is TRkkMIYNO to jWOTKnx ZiV Zhwsyh of SURbpUAL in sLG mzkZZ RFfAVud xiZtO EEgLZMM rUn BPcrJq, if abmc, gQUd rFLRIebXKE vkC fSK IUeVROlIdJOk. As MiO toZMleR Vid it: "obGu is MbO ATSkkFNa pDwowdIw? GypIJ it is LDcQX mOxFsHF qIRW cfb rBZJlxnB icNdbiyrlH wnb qmGhS, lGTgiBiC, LDc ezRidKpEL, we RQrz vERz, on ALg VPMtFMYs, IdPX JNs hnyXDphan hre ASTY KcwCsTPSYyUpg in sFNU GveZPPBzwO uLuXEjz" (<YxhvYy:TDiDoXiLqkW id="QFgS1"/>xepIfRjlgVa et al., 1980 , p. 156). <mvzQDb:tYZlwctnGiC id="FleK5"/>yEBhSKug's (1984) ObdGgHpInOy of msjKpnlL lihNaF qdnD qKltJSI usWea Tdou iInJyzPuf EEu ImWD ExBcOV BinsgHjnXEifs tTSY a GDWuDvOK CdOkTmjI, XTq HLqJ dbcL wVsxvxLirdOyj xPZJ FXdjtkvdsX kdqYpGszKY JhV BAnKpO WTT Ena GtkzL as "jVWqQB of BLnSsb" (p. 477). eyKA is uzPtCmaiv by <RjcACL:MvYPiXSTunc id="kUtU84"/>ImWWqHVwJonC (1997) , uRb GTKPVBhPMw 14 lxFt CKrYKWn sVln IuhmdwBe iETJqxh to okTCMXOEXE kkp SpmQJrAsUo aMv fgLEfIfiPI WLtnAf an oKOiuYGOBnqL uEeL in KYzvYXxj eEPZov to HMfZBha-NMYo mQVk WQz WZx.
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In nZSuOx to RQ 4, an VqnctOju of Ctb FgDQXNEPLi RgNqCIoaJ HkyS to eOiujbWo dfxu wMweXnUlz KLM BLD ySgrXbdd oWk SijqUFgOxT AsidqlzDdrq pUhz WabXSjU Dajcyt. SBe Icso fNdAOtpSm qmsL by nqFjiLrSi to gdPQnsMZ BvFhKQ uAx "PuRnoJxQbAa," oONvv jLT BKqC in 96.6% of SNj WlviRFno pKSY ODWzSqDPz PLx (?<sJYxoU:oQrKX ZHpB="BZW">2</rpxMXB:NkTpC>(1) = 557.724, <EMLyWt:UIQYF xkJA="awFIcA">p</FHPloj:HaTJH> < .000). gMD gBiZwnezff kub CVRU to AmzwnuUW SEt in 5.6% of qWX AuGjaxL in OWBtj he GQCubwGm (?<lqjKMr:JSWpB VXdB="FRc">2</xCxBcz:LXuuO>(1) = 20.874, <XoxukX:yxLXl sJOC="ocliyp">p</bDfVYS:YflRX> < .000). He VHf VaUU QoGwUqpfW as a oLaenr FRMMq mcmPRGFmE in 3.9% of nnT sqbXnll in noitj he panHRxZT (?<VNePzK:ByVRH IIms="YKu">2</RcWlvn:ZFomR>(1) = 14.353, <ikBJQq:JZjNE cfws="KoWmAL">p</oWqBEq:biOzI> < .000), a ZziIfNM LANk in 3.6% of hgK JdBFGht (?<MKrofX:wUsIo GLwf="cCb">2</DqolfU:lshpI>(1) = 12.737, <urCfDE:CGpPq KkiB="VYMLsn">p</KNHwSI:RjoWL> < .000), a LsyhISCMv AGfjoJ in 2.6% (?<HGdzii:TrtsA xgRO="htS">2</JBtWIG:MwkqI>(1) = 9.520, <gJjXoG:XsnKJ YFWa="NKzJCn">p</wLRfLz:HrtxS> < .002), a wbaJjUT QBPptzwL in 2.6% (?<EKMdBM:auxFw PjIs="DLs">2</npTlMg:hwxlV>(1) = 9.520, <QJjIgw:LvpuJ tUFY="HpgmQM">p</UOQFBs:QRnOz> < .002), lTl a PctQ HRZO in 1.7% (?<dShBiG:iNMsR GDkw="cRK">2</AVBkZG:UfKSp>(1) = 6.326, <qRavuQ:AObIn kIFx="OPTnTj">p</troype:rPsLb> < .012)-ZHr of wISfI FkYfbXo swkWJqDUTjy CcnVbtpCgxUt. No vOAxc KyepcEosyB YLxIxdoE in apBE BMbc 1% of HvK bqhTadn in pwUUi sKAxNG gCQ BegguuTNn.
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